Митохондриальная трансплантация – новые вызовы раку

В представленном обзоре обсуждаются вопросы, касающиеся уникальности митохондрий, обеспечивающих нормальные клеточные функции, в то же время их участие во многих патологических состояниях организма, а также анализируется существующая литература с целью разъяснения эффективности трансплантации митохондрий при лечении злокачественных заболеваний. Являясь важными и полуавтономными органеллами в клетках, они способны адаптировать свои функции к потребностям соответствующего органа. Возможность митохондрий перепрограммироваться важна для всех типов клеток, которые могут переключаться между состоянием покоя и пролиферацией. Вместе с тем митохондрии опухолей претерпевают адаптивные изменения для ускорения размножения опухолевых клеток в кислой и гипоксической микросреде. Согласно появляющимся данным стало известно, что митохондрии могут выходить за границы клеток, перемещаться между клетками организма. Межклеточный перенос митохондрий естественным образом происходит у людей как нормальный механизм восстановления поврежденных клеток. Выявленный физиологический митохондриальный перенос стал основой для создания современной формы трансплантации митохондрий, включая аутологичную (изогенную), аллогенную и даже ксеногенную трансплантацию. В настоящее время экзогенные здоровые митохондрии используются для лечения некоторых карцином, включая рак молочной железы, рак поджелудочной железы и глиому. Исследование функциональной активности здоровых митохондрий привело к обнаружению и доказательству того, что женские митохондрии обладают более высокой эффективностью подавления пролиферации опухолевых клеток, чем мужские митохондрии. Вместе с тем были описаны тканеспецифические половые различия в морфологии митохондрий и окислительной способности, и лишь немногие исследования показали функциональные половые различия митохондрий при терапии. Рассмотренные в обзоре исследования показывают, что трансплантация митохондрий может быть специфически нацелена на опухоль, с предоставлением доказательств изменений в функции опухоли после введения митохондрий. Таким образом, появление интереснейших данных об уникальных функциях митохондрий свидетельствуют об очевидной необходимости митохондриальной трансплантации.

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