Перспективы применения веществ флавоноидного ряда при фиброзе легкого (обзор экспериментальных исследований)

Фиброз легкого развивается как спонтанно, так и вследствие воздействия повреждающих факторов, включая лучевую и химиотерапию, инфекционные заболевания, вдыхание вредных веществ и твердых частиц. При этом происходит нарушение нормальной репарации тканей: вместо регенерации нормальных клеток легкого происходит замещение поврежденной ткани фиброзной, состоящей из плотных коллагеновых волокон. Этот процесс ведет к утрате эластичности легочной ткани и нарушению ее функции, что существенно снижает качество жизни пациентов. Поиск средств для лечения интерстициальных фиброзирующих заболеваний легкого остается актуальной задачей, т. к. существующие антифибротические препараты лишь замедляют их прогрессирование и обладают побочными эффектами, существенно снижающими качество жизни пациентов. Считается, что природные вещества полифенольной природы, в частности, флавоноиды, могут применяться для лечения фиброза легкого. Флавоноиды, присутствующие в различных фруктах, овощах, чае и вине, демонстрируют широкий спектр биологических активностей. Они обладают антиоксидантными, противовоспалительными и иммуномодулирующими свой ствами, что делает их перспективными для лечения различных заболеваний, включая фиброз легкого. Некоторые исследования показали, что флавоноиды могут ингибировать активацию миофибробластов и продукцию коллагена, что непосредственно связано с процессом фиброзирования. Флавоноиды нетоксичны и способны регулировать процессы, связанные с развитием фиброза: окислительный стресс, воспаление, пролиферацию и дифференцировку клеток. На сегодняшний день накоплено большое количество экспериментальных данных, подтверждающих антифибротическое действие флавоноидов. В последние годы проводятся клинические исследования, направленные на изучение эффективности и безопасности флавоноидов у пациентов с фиброзом легкого. Например, исследуются кверцетин и куркумин, которые показали обнадеживающие результаты в снижении маркеров воспаления и фиброза в легких. Однако основным препятствием для широкого внедрения флавоноидных веществ в клиническую практику остается их низкая биодоступность при пероральном применении и быстрый метаболизм. В данной работе проанализированы данные литературы о влиянии флавоноидов на развитие фиброза легкого в экспериментах и в клинических исследованиях, обсуждаются перспективы улучшения их биодоступности с помощью современных систем доставки (наночастицы, липосомы и др.), или использования лекарственных форм для местного применения.

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