Лимфатические узлы как точка приложения при использовании дендритноклеточных вакцин: современные стратегии усиления иммунного ответа

Статья представляет собой обзор современных подходов к иммунотерапии рака, акцентируя внимание на роли дендритных клеток (ДК), лимфатических узлов (ЛУ) и инновационных методов доставки вакцин. Иммунотерапия с применением вакцин на основе ДК представляет собой перспективное направление, способное стимулировать специфический иммунный ответ против опухолевых клеток и формировать долговременную иммунную память. Дренирующие опухоль лимфатические узлы (TDLN) играют ключевую роль в активации иммунного ответа, так как именно в них происходит презентация опухолевых антигенов дендритными клетками и активация Т-клеток. При раке, в отличие от вирусных инфекций, активация CD8+ Т-клеток происходит в два этапа, и эффективность процесса зависит от сигналов, поступающих из опухолевого микроокружения, что объясняет, почему иммунный ответ на рак часто бывает слабым.

В статье также обсуждаются современные стратегии доставки вакцин в лимфатические узлы, включая использование наночастиц, биоортогональных реакций и фототермически индуцированных материалов. Эти подходы позволяют преодолеть «парадокс гранулярности», связанный с необходимостью баланса между размером вакцин для их проникновения в ЛУ и захвата иммунными клетками.

Рассматриваются перспективы адаптивной клеточной терапии с использованием Т-клеток из TDLN, а также роль экзосом и цельноклеточных опухолевых антигенов в создании эффективных вакцин. Комбинированные подходы, такие как сочетание вакцин с ингибиторами контрольных точек (например, анти-PD1), демонстрируют потенциал для усиления противоопухолевого иммунитета.

Дальнейшее развитие иммунотерапии рака требует интеграции новых знаний о биологии дендритных клеток, современных методов клеточной инженерии и нанотехнологий для создания персонализированных и эффективных противоопухолевых вакцин.

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